Program evaluators seek to estimate the causal effect of a program (X) on an outcome (Y) using observational data. The evaluators attempt to adjust their estimate for common causes (Z) that influence both X and Y. In this evaluation, the common causes (Z) are best described as

a. Intervening variables
b. Independent variables
c. Control variables
d. All of the above

c. Control variables

Political Science

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Which of the following is not advanced as a source or guide for the good political life?

a. Philosophical reason b. The state of nature c. Religious revelation d. Historical experience

Political Science

Despite their lack of success at the national level, third parties have had better luck in ______ races.

a. statewide b. international c. countywide d. local-level

Political Science