Formal communication is limited to the official information that flows through prescribed channels within the organization

Which of the following may NOT constitute defamation of character in the United States?

A) a falsehood about someone communicated through print, broadcast, or other electronic means B) media libel or slander of a celebrity who is unidentified, or may not be identifiable C) an ordinary citizen experiences injury in the form of losses in money, reputation or mental stability based on what was written or said D) media libel or slander of an ordinary citizen who is identified, or who could easily be identified

If marketing attains its goal at the expense of rising production costs for the manufacturing department, the end result of marketing's achievements and manufacturing's cost increases reflects

A) behavior substitution. B) suboptimization. C) resource allocation. D) resource optimization. E) strategy optimization.