Vocalized pauses occur when the speaker explicitly tells the audience that he or she is pausing in order to give the audience time to think

Ryan began his speech by asking his professor how to turn on the projector. He looked confused when the first slide came up, and he constantly had difficulty moving one slide at a time

Conversely, Kristina took less than one minute to setup her computer-assisted presentation slides. However, she, too, had difficulty twice in moving one slide at a time. How would the audience likely view Ryan and Kristina? A. Both would be viewed as novice speakers. B. Kristina would be viewed less favorably than Ryan would. C. Ryan would be viewed less favorably than Kristina would. D. The inability to move one slide at a time would have an impact on neither.

What is wrong with the following questionnaire item?

“Deception should not be used in competent conflict interactions.” Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree a. It is biased b. It is doubled-barreled c. Deception is irrelevant to conflict. d. It uses negative wording.