Early research on classical conditioning was performed with dogs. In certain variations of this research, experimenters repeatedly presented dogs with meat powder just after ringing a bell. The dogs (who would naturally salivate after being exposed to meat powder) learned to associate the bell with the meat powder, and began to salivate as soon as they heard the bell. In this research, the bell
served as a(n) ____.
a. unconditioned stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus
b. conditioned stimulus that became an unconditioned stimulus
c. neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned stimulus that became a neutral stimulus
C
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Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
TB_10_13 What has been the primary criticism of the majority of research studies finding that personality traits are consistent across different places and cultures?
a) the fact that this approach tends to reflect a view of the self that is made up of a collection of non-Western, collectivistic traits b) the fact that only those studies that were conducted under the auspices of a university psychology department were included, and thus they did not reflect societies with fewer economic advantages c) the fact that the researchers were all white and all male, and thus they had a very jaded view of the research data they collected d) the fact that this approach tends to reflect a view of the self that is made up of a collection of Western, individualistic traits Topic: What Is Personality?