On a contingency table, concordant pairs are always:

When conducting a study, you notice that most of the scores fall primarily at the lower range of the response option. This pattern of data is known as the

a. ceiling effect. b. Yerkes-Dotson Law. c. floor effect. d. degree of response.

Where will parties P1 and P2 locate in the left–right space given the polarized nature of the electorate shown in Figure 3?

Suppose now that some polarizing event occurs that causes several voters to adopt more extreme positions on the left–right issue dimension. The new distribution of voters is shown in Figure 3.


A. 0
B. 1
C. 3
D. 5
E. 8
F. 9
G. 10