Which of the following artist's work was considered a cerebral, progressive alternative to bebop?

The early attempts of Islam to penetrate the European continent

A. were successful. B. were repelled, by Charles Martel and by fortifications at Constantinople. C. were unsuccessful and led to little Islamic influence in Europe for over six centuries. D. None of the answers is correct.

One notable literary feature of Beowulf is its use of kennings, which are

a) compound phrases substituted for names of people and things. b) poetic prayers to the gods for success in battle c) borrowed words from Latin. d) rhymed couplets