Consider these works: the kachina doll of the Zuni culture; Lipundja's Djalambu; and the pendant depicting a ruler of the Tairona culture. Discuss their purposes in the context of the spiritual beliefs of their respective cultures. Discuss the views of the relationships between the living and the dead that these works represent

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North American Hopi and Zuni Indians made doll-size versions of the kachina, large supernatural beings danced by makers, as educational playthings so children might learn to identify and understand the numerous spirits. Ritual help for a spirit on its journey back from the Dreaming is the subject of Lipundja's Djalambu. Employing earth pigments on bark, the central form is a log coffin, which is also understood to represent a catfish, often thought to be a soul carried by a current of water in the river. The pendant depicting a ruler is from the Tairona culture, made of copper and gold alloy. The figure is probably a shaman, and the birds that unfold like wings from either side of his head are the spirit alter egos that give him access to the other world.