Upstream and downstream refer to the degree of horizontal integration

In a small country, the net national cost of tariff protection is equal to the reduction in consumer surplus minus

A) the gain to foreigners. B) the increase in government revenue and the increase in producer surplus. C) the increase in government revenue. D) the increase in producer surplus. E) the efficiency loss and the consumption side loss.

Which statement is true?

A. In both the 19th century and the since the 1980s we borrowed from foreigners to finance both capital expansion and consumption. B. In neither the 19th century nor since the 1980s we borrowed from foreigners to finance both capital expansion and consumption. C. In the 19th century we borrowed from foreigners to finance capital expansion and since the 1980s we borrowed to finance consumption. D. In the 19th century, we borrowed from foreigners to finance consumption and since the 1980s we borrowed to finance capital expansion.