Suppose a bank has $8,000 in checkable deposits and the required reserve ratio is 0.2 . If actual reserves equal $3,000 . then excess reserves equal:

Potential GDP is the value of real GDP when ______

A. the unemployment rate equals the natural unemployment rate B. there is no frictional unemployment C. there is no structural unemployment D. the unemployment rate is zero

In the IO perspective it is important to enter an industry with

a. High supplier power b. Low threat from substitutes c. Low levels of rivalry between firms d. Only B & C