Some reflexes are necessary for survival and some are not

Which of the following students' statements is the best summary of the research on bilingualism?

a. Nils: "Bilinguals have an advantage over monolinguals in their syntax, but not in their basic understanding of language." b. Joe: "Bilinguals have advantages over monolinguals in many areas, such as metalinguistics and performance on cognitive tasks; they have slight disadvantages in a few areas." c. Jorge: "Bilinguals have an advantage over monolinguals in terms of social skills concerned with language; however, when we look at proficiency in their first language, monolinguals have a better command of syntax." d. Tanya: "So far, no major differences between monolinguals and bilinguals have been detected."

All of the following statements about the acquisition of grammar are correct except

a. children's early two-word utterances communicate a range of meanings, such as agent + action ("Daddy eat") and action + object ("Eat cookie") b. the order of words in children's two-word utterances usually does not vary c. many children go through a stage in which the combination of words in two-word utterances seems to be random, resulting in a roughly equal number of phrases like "eat cookie" and "cookie eat" d. even before they are 2 years old, children are able to infer meaning from grammatical markers such as word order