If the relationship between a scale's measured units and some outcome can be described by a straight line or linear equation, the scale is said to have

a. predictive validity.
b. magnitude

The most recent editions of widely-used intelligence tests

a. should not be given to children from disadvantaged backgrounds. b. are less likely to contain questions that are culturally biased. c. often suggest needed changes in school curricula so that students will receive higher test scores. d. pose few problems because the potential for abuse is widely recognized. e. have contributed significantly to the Flynn effect.

Suppose that you are planning to conduct a study to look at the effect of pet ownership on empathy, but that you cannot find any good measures of empathy (all of the measures that you find seem to fall short of your understanding of what empathy is, or to miss the mark completely). Unless you can find a measure that you are satisfied with, your research may end up being low in ____

a. internal validity b. external validity c. construct validity of the cause d. construct validity of the effect