The political party that is in power wants to remain in control of particular voting districts to ensure that its candidate gets elected. When it is time to redraw the districts, it gives some of the districts very odd shapes in order to give the party a majority in certain districts based on past voting patterns. This is known as which of the following?

Which of the following is true about the role of perceptions in international affairs?

a. A surprising degree of similarity exists among the perceptions held by all types of international actors b. Each type of international actor has its own set of unique perceptions. There is diversity of perceptions between types of actors, but similarity within each type. c. International actors base their actions on their perceptions, and thus, to understand international affairs, one must understand the perceptions that the actors have. d. The perceptions that state actors have are important to understand in international affairs, but the perceptions that nonstate actors have are not important.

What is the computed number for how well an item distinguishes between the "knowing"

and the "unknowing"? a) item analysis b) discrimination index c) difficulty index d) attitude index