Being a parent is especially relevant to the psychosocial task of identity versus identity confusion

Infants born to mothers with postpartum depression have been found to be more likely to have higher rates of ____

a. malnutrition and calcium deficiency b. conduct disorder with a greater tendency to become oppositionally defiant c. irritability, problems eating and sleeping, and difficulty forming attachments d. schizophrenia and eating disorders

Chris does not like it when his infant son, Jacob, cries. Chris finds that if he makes goofy faces while Jacob is crying, Jacob will stop. Which learning principle best explains why Chris is more likely to make goofy faces in the future to make Jacob stop crying?

A. Positive reinforcement B. Classical conditioning C. Negative reinforcement D. Stimulus generalization