Which of the following affects motivation by influencing the challenges you will undertake, the effort you will make, and how long you will persist when things do not go well?

The fight-or-flight response is explained primarily in terms of _____

(a) classical conditioning (b) operant conditioning (c) learning theory, including both classical and operant (d) the principles of Gestalt psychology (e) sociobiology

Resting potential is the electrical charge across a neural membrane when ______ ions concentrate on the outside and ______ concentrate on the inside

a. not enough negative; excess positive b. not enough positive; excess negative c. excess negative; excess positive d. excess positive; excess negative