By definition, "frustration" occurs when

In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the UCR was

A) salivation. B) food. C) tone. D) biting.

After listening to a lecture on prejudice, a student wonders if having close friends from different ethnic groups can reduce prejudice against these groups. Research suggests that the answer is

a. yes, because such friendships will help to reinforce in-group biases. b. yes, because it may become easier to identify and empathize with out-group members. c. no, because these friendships may foster a process of social categorization. d. no, because the less that is known about the social norms and customs of out-groups, the better.