Motives low in Maslow's hierarchy tend to be deficiency-based motives

Caffeine replaced _____ in patent medicines and over-the-counter preparations in the early 1900s.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

What is the difference between kleptomania and ordinary shoplifting?

a) The kleptomaniacal person steals for the enjoyment of stealing, not for the need of the object that they have stolen. b) Kleptomania involves the theft of significant or "expensive" items, whereas shoplifting involves the theft of items of trivial value. c) Kleptomania involves stealing repeatedly over a period of time, whereas shoplifting refers to a single episode of theft. d) Kleptomania involves causing damage while stealing, such as breaking into a home or store, whereas shoplifting is not a destructive act.