Equilibrium output is reduced by an increase in

What is the most direct method the Fed uses to change the monetary base?

A) open market operations B) changing the required reserve ratio C) changing the federal funds rate D) changing the level of discount loans

Which of the following classical views is (are) accepted by supply-side economists?

a. In the intermediate run, growth of capital, labor, and technology determine output. b. The dislike of government intervention in the economy c. changes in output are primarily driven by changes in the natural rate of output. d. Both a and b. e. all of the above.