A great deal of policy formulation is conducted through all of the following means EXCEPT ______.

During major a crisis, why does the role and position of president become so important?

a. The Constitution requires that Americans follow the president’s advice. b. The president becomes a strong voice to command the nation’s attention, direct its spirits, and act decisively. c. Congress acts too quickly during emergencies so the president’s role and authority increases. d. The states have sole power to respond to threats against them by foreign powers but they rely on the president for guidance. e. Congress is incapable of taking any type of action against foreign enemies so this responsibility is left to the president.

Implementation is __________.

A. the process by which a law or policy is put into practice B. the development of rules governing the operation of a government program C. a set of procedures executive branch agencies must follow when issuing rules D. the process by which government agencies settle legal disputes