__________ refers to the experience of painful menstrual cramping during menstruation

A group of 8th grade boys and a group of 8th grade girls are administered the same math test. According to the __________ phenomenon, the girls might perform more poorly than the boys

a) stereotype threat. b) standardization. c) gender awareness. d) self-monitoring.

Each time he steps up to the plate, a baseball player touches the bill of his cap three times, just as he did before hitting a home run in a previous game. Which principle accounts for his actions?

a. modeling b. reminiscence c. positive transfer d. superstitious behavior