When a variable is determined by a factor outside of the function or model being evaluated, it is said to be

When land across the mountains became available in the early nineteenth century,

(a) much of New England was simply abandoned by people primarily interested in farming. (b) live-stock raising, dairying and lumbering kept rural New England from being totally abandoned. (c) very few New England farmers elected to stay in New England. (d) Manufacturing quickly replaced New England farming.

Autonomous consumption is consumption that:

a. varies directly with disposable income. b. varies inversely with disposable income. c. is independent of the level of disposable income. d. is constant at first and then varies with disposable income.