When efficiency is attained, the sum of the total amount of consumer surplus and producer surplus is

Suppose two companies, Macrosoft and Apricot, are considering whether to develop a new product, a touch-screen t-shirt. The payoffs to each of developing a touch-screen t-shirt depend upon the actions of the other, as shown in the payoff matrix below (the payoffs are given in millions of dollars). Suppose Apricot makes its decision first, and then Macrosoft makes its decision after seeing Apricot's choice. What will happen if, before Apricot chooses, Macrosoft announces that it is going to develop a touch-screen t-shirt no matter what Apricot does?

A. Neither Apricot nor Macrosoft will develop a touch-screen t-shirt because they will both realize that they are in a no-win situation. B. Apricot will develop a touch-screen t-shirt, and Macrosoft will not because Macrosoft's threat is not credible. C. Both Apricot and Macrosoft will develop a touch-screen t-shirt because neither company will want to back down. D. Macrosoft will develop a touch-screen t-shirt, and Apricot will not because it's not in Apricot's interest to develop a touch-screen t-shirt if Macrosoft also develops one.

Distribution control can be accomplished through all but which one of the following methods?

A. Expensive gifts at Christmas. B. Predatory pricing. C. Long-term supply contracts. D. Selective discounts.