What are a couple examples of unconditioned reinforcers?
What will be an ideal response?
A couple examples of unconditioned positive reinforcers are food, water, and sexual stimulation. A couple examples of unconditioned negative reinforcers are pain, cold, heat, or discomforting or aversive stimulation.
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Which of the following factors contributed to the study of child development in the twentieth century?
A) The beginning of public education led to a demand for knowledge about what and how to teach children of different ages. B) Parents were having more children and researchers became interested in the effects of family size on children's well-being. C) Pediatricians were pressured by insurance companies to improve children's health, which inspired nutritional research. D) High rates of childhood depression inspired new areas of research into children's anxieties and behavior problems.
Which of the following leads directly to improved reading and spelling performance in the elementary school years?
a. teaching kindergarten children the letter names b. helping kindergarten children realize that words consist of separable sounds c. both a and b d. neither a nor b