Early studies on convulsive therapy found that _______________ prevented schizophrenia.

Whenever Frank is challenged, he prefers to fight to prove his "masculinity." What reason would a learning theorist give for Frank's frequent use of aggression?

a. Frank is expressing his innate, ancient aggressive instinct by fighting frequently and fiercely. b. Frank is relieving internal pressure built up from a natural bodily need to display aggression. c. Frank imitated his father, who did the same thing. d. Frank is so frustrated that people are challenging his masculinity that he explodes into violence.

Alaina got a new puzzle for her birthday. She cannot complete it on her own, but can complete it with ease when her father hands her one puzzle piece at a time. This example best describes the benefits of

a. social scaffolding b. strategy construction c. cultural tools d. macrosystems