Piaget argued that the first reactions by newborns were

a. indicators of an innate understanding of appearance as reality.
b. abstract

Attending to many modalities simultaneously is a phenomenon called

A) bottom-up processing. B) top-down processing. C) parallel processing. D) selective attention.

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?

a. Both tend to strengthen a response. b. Both tend to weaken a response. c. Negative reinforcement strengthens a response while punishment weakens a response. d. Negative reinforcement weakens a response while punishment strengthens a response.