Higher rates of substitution are indicated by _______ values of the marginal rate of substitution.

Which of the following is "crowded out" by higher interest rates that can be the result of expansionary fiscal policy?

A) net exports B) private investment C) consumption D) All of the above are crowded out by higher interest rates.

A closed shop is a

A) strike by a union in sympathy with another union's strike or cause. B) dispute involving two or more unions over which should have control of a particular jurisdiction. C) business enterprise in which employees must belong to the union before they can be hired and must remain in the union after they are hired. D) legal environment in which businesses may hire nonunion members conditional on their joining the union by some specified date after employment begins.