According to the textbook, a conditioned emotion—such as fear—is a very difficult response to extinguish.

In an anecdote presented in the textbook, Hugo Munsterberg, a leading psychologist around the beginning of the 20th century, describes the various reported reactions to a speech he gave on peace. The reactions illustrate

a. the potential effect of observer bias. b. the rational for the use of operational definitions. c. how Munsterberg got the idea for the scientific method. d. the importance of the within-subjects design.

Three businessmen are afraid of flying on commercial airlines. The first businessman has read accounts of airplane crashes, the second has heard stories of crashes, and the third has experienced a near-fatal accident on a flight

With respect to the accessibility of their fears of flying a. the businessman who read about airplane crashes will have a more accessible attitude. b. the businessman who experienced a near-fatal accident will have a more accessible attitude. c. the businessman who heard about airplane crashes will have a more accessible attitude. d. they will have equal degrees of accessibility.