Define and give examples of the three main categories of temperament used by contemporary researchers (negative emotionality, positive emotionality, and effortful control)
What will be an ideal response?
Negative emotionality consists of the traits of behavioral inhibition (signified by shy behavior) and anger (signified by angry facial expression and aggression toward objects or people).
Positive emotionality consists of the traits of high-intensity pleasure (signified by smiling and laughing during social interaction), low-intensity pleasure (signified by quiet contentment when enjoying a sensation such as the taste of a treat), and activity level (signified by the amount and vigor of movement and a desire not to be kept in one place or immobile).
Effortful control consists of the traits of attention/persistence (ability to sustain attention and continue trying to solve a problem despite lack of success) and inhibitory control (the ability to suppress an undesired dominant response and to activate a subdominant response, as well as by the ability to plan and to detect one’s own mistakes).
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During middle adulthood, which of the following are factors related to sleep disturbances and sleep disorders?
a. obesity, cardiovascular disease, and depression b. arthritis, jaundice, and diabetes c. restless legs syndrome, myopic vision, and hypertension d. anxiety, eczema, and psoriasis
Experiments by Deutsch and colleagues allowed rats to eat until they were satiated and then withdrew a few milliliters of diet from their stomach using an implanted catheter. After the withdrawal, the rats
A) ate until they became obese. B) reported no hunger pangs. C) showed evidence of continued short-term satiety. D) experienced periodic feelings of hunger. E) ate enough food to replace that withdrawn from the stomach.