According to the benefit principle, the Social Security payroll tax is _____. According the ability-to-pay principle, the Social Security payroll tax is _____

Consumer surplus

a. is the amount a buyer pays for a good minus the amount the buyer is willing to pay for it. b. is represented on a supply-demand graph by the area below the price and above the demand curve. c. measures the benefit sellers receive from participating in a market. d. measures the benefit buyers receive from participating in a market.

In the open-economy macroeconomic model, if a country's interest rate rises, its net capital outflow

a. rises and the real exchange rate rises. b. falls and the real exchange rate falls. c. rises and the real exchange rate falls. d. falls and the real exchange rate rises.