The _____ assumes that humans are motivated to reduce tension, whereas the _____ assumes humans are sometimes motivated to increase tension

The day after the election, Josephine says that she knew all along who the winner would be. Although it is possible that she had some special insight into the election, it is more likely that Josephine is ________

a. avoiding loss. b. exhibiting confirmation bias. c. exaggerating the improbable. d. exhibiting hindsight bias.

Dr. Mannisto is a behaviorist who is studying the causes of excessive violence among some hockey players. She is likely to consider whether:

a. the more aggressive players have experienced brain injuries. b. players who engage in excessive violence are rewarded in some way. c. the more aggressive players experienced emotional abuse in childhood. d. cultural change has shaped hockey players to become more violent than in the past.