Mechanical ventilation in the home setting can be provided by which of the following methods?

1. Positive pressure through an oral endotracheal tube
2. Positive pressure through an intact upper airway
3. Intermittent abdominal displacement methods
4. Negative pressure through an intact upper airway
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only

ANS: D
In alternative settings, invasive ventilatory support always involves application of positive pres-sure ventilation by tracheotomy. Noninvasive approaches include positive and negative pressure ventilation via an intact upper airway or abdominal displacement methods.