Which of the following is not an element of ethos?

As an individual that has come to the United States from another country, you are probably

very aware of how one culture may be misunderstood by another. Apply what you have learned from the text regarding the impact one?s culture may have upon the reaction to various supporting materials.  Use personal experiences to describe, explain, and compare such elements as how people process information, how cultures generally determine what is the truth and the types of evidence they use to do so. What will be an ideal response?

As this chapter compared and contrasted public affairs, government relations and lobbying, and political communications, it drew the conclusion that they are all ______.

a. more challenging than public relations b. identical to public relations c. unique areas of strategic communications d. the same type of strategic communications