A pacific dove has a higher probability of launching an attack against an opponent if they are weaker than their foe and they are unclear about their foe’s type (dove, hawk, aggressor, or pacific). Why?

a. Negotiating first will trick the foe into believing the dove is really a hawk.
b. Negotiating first may result in an unknown opponent eliminating the dove.
c. Removing the foe’s first strike advantage diminishes its bargaining power in future negotiations.
d. b and c are correct.

Ans: d