In 2009 President Obama and Congress increased government spending. Some economists thought this increase would have little effect on output. Which of the following would make the effect of an increase in government expenditures on aggregate demand smaller?
a. the MPC is small and changes in the interest rate have a small effect on investment
b. the MPC is small and changes in the interest rate have a large effect on investment
c. the MPC is large and changes in the interest rate have a small effect on investment
d. the MPC is large and changes in the interest rate have a large effect on investment
b
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To understand how decisions about military expenditures are made, it is probably most important to understand _____
a. geography b. economic warfare c. the political process d. strategic alliances
The Granger Causality Test
A) uses the F-statistic to test the hypothesis that certain regressors have no predictive content for the dependent variable beyond that contained in the other regressors. B) establishes the direction of causality (as used in common parlance) between X and Y in addition to correlation. C) is a rather complicated test for statistical independence. D) is a special case of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test.