Under common law, judges act primary as ______

Which of the following is due to the effects of the independent variable?

A) between-groups variance divided by within-groups variance B) within-groups variance C) experimental variance D) internal validity

Which of the following is true of the American federal system?

A) the voters choose at all levels of government B) the voters directly elect the president and vice president C) the House is chosen by the Senate D) a and b E) none of the above