If the fundamental value of the exchange rate is ________ than the official (fixed) exchange rate, the country has an ________ problem, and it will gain reserves.

Which of the following would not be considered an investment in human capital?

a. education b. training programs c. transportation infrastructure d. literacy programs

Which of the following lists two things that both decrease the money supply?

a. make open market purchases and raise the reserve requirement ratio b. make open market purchases and lower the reserve requirement ratio c. make open market sales and raise the reserve requirement ratio d. make open market sales and lower the reserve requirement ratio