Primary reinforcers are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

a. being natural and rooted in biology.
b. being developed through learning very early in life.
c. being capable of producing comfort or ending discomfort.
d. intracranial self-stimulation being one of the most powerful examples of this type of reinforcer.

B

Psychology

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The theory that suggests that slowing reaction time is attributable to changes in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is called the ______________ hypothesis.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Psychology

What was the overall poverty rate for U.S. families in 2010?

A) 15.1% B) 19.1% C) 26.2% D) 38.5%

Psychology