This was the name given to the pseudo-science that tried to apply one's skin-color to one's level of intellect

The statement "Trial courts are the courts of original jurisdiction" implies that trial courts have which characteristic?

a. Trial courts give the last and final verdict. b. Trial courts have the right to challenge the verdict of the appellate courts. c. Trial courts hear appeals from lower courts. d. Trial courts are typically the first to hear a case.

According to Tocqueville, which American institutions support the maintenance of a democratic system?a. A weak federal government and a strong state religion

b. A powerful federal government and a generous welfare state c. A decentralized federal government and a thriving civil society d. A diverse federal government and a universal education system