Compare and contrast hot and freeze branding
Hot and freeze brands provide a permanent, visible means of identifying an animal. The exact
location for brand placement must be confirmed with both branding methods. Common brand
locations include shoulder, hip, or rib. Hot and cold branding differ in the following areas:
? Brand iron composition: Branding irons used for hot branding are made from iron or steel.
Those used in freeze branding are composed of copper or bronze.
? Heat/cold source: Hot irons are heated using propane, open fire, or electricity (electric
iron). Freeze brands are chilled using liquid nitrogen or an alcohol and water mixture.
? Brand appearance: Freeze brands are much easier to visualize on dark coated animals.
? In comparison to hot branding, freeze branding causes minimal damage to the hide and is
less painful.
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Match the name of the law with its definition
Hilton's Law_____ Pfluger's Law of Unilaterality_____ Pfluger's Law of Symmetry_____ Pfluger's Law of Intensity______ Pfluger's Law of Radiation______ Pfluger's Law of Generalization_____ Bowditch's Law______ Head's Law____ Arndt-Schultz Law___ a) If a mild irritation is applied to sensory nerves, the spinal reflex (i.e., the muscle contraction) occurs typically only on the side of the spinal cord that is irritated. b) The spinal reflex is usually more intense on the side of irritation. The spinal reflex on the opposite side will be generally less pronounced. c) If the irritation continues to increase, it is propagated upward along the spinal cord, eventually irritating the nerves coming from the segments of the spinal cord above the level of injury. d) Moderate or low-level stimuli activate physiological processes while very strong stimuli inhibit them. e) The nerve trunk that supplies a specific joint also supplies the muscles of the joint, as well as the skin over their insertions. f) When the irritation is sufficient to reach the brain, the medulla oblongata stimulates the entire spinal cord, causing a general contraction of all muscles in the body. g) When a painful stimulus is applied to an area of low sensitivity that connects with an area of higher sensitivity, the pain is felt where there is higher sensitivity rather than in the area of lower sensitivity. h) If the irritation is sufficiently increased, the spinal reflex is manifested, not only on the irritated side, but also in similar muscles on the opposite side of the body. i) Nerves will have either a full response or a total lack of response to a particular stimulus, depending on the strength of that stimulus.
All of the following are factors that affect the severity of an allergic reaction EXCEPT:
A. amount of the allergen. B. rate of exposure. C. route of exposure. D. type of allergen.