Piaget thought the shift to concrete operations was fairly ________, but researchers today believe that it is more ________

In an experiment, rats are exposed to a loud noise. One group is able to escape the noise by pushing a lever. The second group has no lever available and therefore cannot escape the noise. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they can escape. The first group escapes the noise, but the second group just sits and cowers, refusing to attempt to escape the noise. The response of the second group is due to __________.

A. learned helplessness B. contingency blocking C. latent learning D. response generalization

A group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result is referred to as

A. a cohort. B. a cult. C. a posse. D. a clan.