___________: That which is examined as the outcome of an experiment or a research project

In Gitlow v. New York, the Supreme Court decided that __________

a. hate speech is not a constitutionally protected form of speech b. symbolic speech is not afforded the same protection as verbal speech c. states must comply with the Constitution's free speech guarantee d. obscenity is determined by applying traditional, national standards

The relationship of independent variables that are included in a model as causal factors is known as:

a. coding b. specification c. falsifiable d. expected values