A child understands that if an elephant is bigger than a bear and a bear is bigger than a cat, then an elephant is bigger than a cat. This demonstrates the child's understanding of__________.

Expressed emotion in families is thought to influence which of the following?

What will be an ideal response?

Your text discusses a case in which a researcher tries to test the effectiveness of a form of psychotherapy for depression by administering psychotherapy to depressed adolescents and seeing if they are still depressed 3 months later. Your book notes that many adolescents who are depressed at a given time will be happier later even without psychotherapy. For this reason, the passage of time is discussed as a potential source of:

a. internal invalidity b. external invalidity c. confusion over direction of causation d. a sleeper effect