The various ways that vertical relationships can evade regulation include
a. tying the sale of a regulated good to a customer's choice of an unregulated good
b. bundling regulated and unregulated goods
c. preventing the exclusion of rival unregulated goods
d. insuring tax rates are uniform across jurisdictions
b
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Labor unions benefit their members by
A) distributing income more equally among workers. B) helping them compete more effectively against employers. C) increasing the number of job opportunities available for employees. D) preventing or controlling competition among workers. E) promoting the trade they represent to assure an adequate supply of skilled workers.
At a firm's profit-maximizing level of output, its price is $200 and its short-run average total cost is $225 . The firm
a. has a profit of $25 per unit of output. b. should shut down if its short-run average fixed cost is less than $25. c. has a loss of $100 per unit of output. d. should shut down if its short-run average variable cost exceeds $25.