Puberty begins during which psychosexual stage?

Regarding the experiments on learning helplessness, animals that first learn to escape the shocks

a. were more persistent later in trying to escape the shocks and were more resistant to learned helplessness. b. gave up more quickly when the shocks became inescapable, which resulted in their being less resistant to learned helplessness. c. became extremely aggressive and hostile when the shocks became inescapable. d. showed stereotyped responding to the shocks.

Dollard and Miller agreed with Freud that

a. much of our behavior is unconscious. b. the first six years of life are crucial to personality development. c. to be fully functioning person, one must strive for congruence between one's real self and ideal self. d. our behavior is directed by psychosexual urges and fixations.