John never used to care about the phone ringing. Ever since he got some bad news over the phone last week, which made him nervous, however, hearing the phone ring makes him nervous. In classical conditioning, the term that describes the ringing of the phone is a(n):

The use of humanistic rather than authoritarian ethics is characteristic of which of the following orientations?

a) Exploitative b) Hoarding c) Marketing d) Productive

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because

A) social aggression occurs only in males. B) the effects of estradial cannot be ruled out. C) aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels. D) humans and rats differ in their sex hormones. E) aggressive behavior is controlled by the amygdala.