Which figure is closest to the amount spent by political campaigns on TV ads during the 2008 presidential election season?

What problem do late developers confront with economies of scale?

a. They produce on a small scale at a higher cost. b. They are unable to produce a large amount of their goods. c. First movers are able to undermine these new businesses. d. The laws and policies set by the first movers hinder late developers.

A short-term element of power includes the __________.

A. reputation of a state for keeping its word B. ability of a state to shape other states' perceptions C. capacity of a state to produce weapons quickly D. strength of a state's scientific and technological base