Research has shown that people who make challenge appraisals tend to:

Recent research has shown that an effective way of increasing school-related self-esteem is to

a. teach them knowledge and skills that can be the basis of real achievements. b. praise students regardless of real effort or achievement. c. encourage students to rate themselves favorably on self-image questionnaires. d. teach students how to praise themselves even when they don't try to do well.

The use of alternatives to multiple-choice questions on achievement tests will most likely

a) contribute to the expense and difficulty of testing b) lead to decreased levels of reliability c) lead to increased levels of reliability d) both a and b