A selfobject is a person's mental representation of him- or herself

Negative reinforcement:

a) is the same thing as punishment b) leads to an increase in the probability of a behavior c) decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be preformed d) is also called secondary reinforcement

What is the take-home message of the authors' description of the presidents' decisions to continue and even escalate wars?

a. The need to be accurate and the need to feel good about ourselves are often compatible. b. The need to be accurate is stronger than the need to feel good about ourselves. c. The need to be accurate and the need to feel good about ourselves are always in conflict. d. When we forego accuracy in the interest of feeling good about ourselves, there are sometimes serious consequences.