Which of the following is NOT a method of citizen participation in a democracy?

The extent of party-line voting today is similar to that of 

A. most of American history. B. no other time in American history. C. the 1960s and 1970s. D. the turn of the 20th century. E. None of these are correct.

The standard deviation of a population parameter is defined as the ____________.

a. Sum of squares b. Square root of the variance c. Average of the sum of squared deviations d. Square of each individual deviation