The crowding out effect refers to the ________ from ________ in the government's budget deficit

Denise is thinking about setting up a butterfly garden in her backyard. She estimates that it will cost her $2,000 to purchase and install special plants and an irrigation system to attract butterflies. The benefit she expects to receive is $1,800 . In addition, neighbor Billy will receive a benefit of $150 and neighbor Sammy will receive a benefit of $100 . From this, we can conclude that:

a. butterflies are a negative externality for Billy and Sammy. b. Denise will set up the butterfly garden without any help from her free-rider neighbors. c. if Sammy refuses to contribute to the butterfly garden, he will be unable to enjoy its benefits if it is built. d. if Billy refuses to contribute to the butterfly garden, Denise will not have one. e. if Billy and Sammy contribute the amounts at which they value the butterfly garden, Denise will set it up.

Suppose that a worker in Cornland can grow either 40 bushels of corn or 10 bushels of oats per year, and a worker in Oatland can grow either 20 bushels of corn or 5 bushels of oats per year. There are 20 workers in Cornland and 20 workers in Oatland. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Both countries could gain from trade with each other. b. Neither country could gain from trade with each other because Cornland has an absolute advantage in both goods. c. Neither country could gain from trade with each other because neither one has a comparative advantage. d. Oatland could gain from trade between the two countries, but Cornland definitively would lose.