Discuss the history of how mental illness has been treated from the Stone Age, through the Middle Ages until Pinel's work in France, including the approaches used and which mental disorders that their "patients" were probably suffering from
What will be an ideal response?
Answer will include that archaeological findings dating to the Stone Age suggest that most primitive approaches were marked by fear and superstitious belief in demons, witchcraft, and magic. One of the more dramatic "cures" practiced by primitive "therapists" was a process called trepanning, also sometimes spelled trephining. In modern usage, trepanning is any surgical procedure in which a hole is bored in the skull. In the hands of primitive therapists it meant boring, chipping, or bashing holes into a patient's head. Presumably this was done to relieve pressure or release evil spirits. Some "patients" actually survived the "treatment.". During the Middle Ages, treatments for mental illness in Europe focused on demonology, the study of demons and persons plagued by spirits. Medieval "therapists" commonly blamed abnormal behavior on supernatural forces, such as possession by the devil, or on curses from witches and wizards. As a cure, they used exorcism to "cast out evil spirits.". For some, exorcism was a religious ritual, but more often, physical torture was used to make the body an inhospitable place for the devil to reside. Modern analyses of "demonic possession" suggest that many victims were suffering from epilepsy, schizophrenia, dissociative disorders, Tourette's syndrome, and depression. In 1793, a French doctor named Philippe Pinel changed the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris from a squalid "madhouse" into a mental hospital by unchaining the inmates. Finally, the emotionally disturbed were regarded as "mentally ill" and given compassionate treatment.
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As discussed in the text, hostility is linked to increased risk of coronary heart disease because
a. hostile people are frequently angry, and chronic anger increases the risk of hypertension and coronary heart disease b. hostile people frequently vent their anger and frustration, and yelling or arguing with others increases blood pressure and the stress placed on the circulatory system c. hostile people sometimes bottle their emotions and stifle emotional expressions, thereby causing an increase in heart rate and blood pressure d. hostile people frequently over-exert themselves in an effort to come out on top or to prove that their ideas and efforts are superior to those of others e. hostile people frequently misuse over-the-counter medications and, sometimes, illicit drugs.